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FEB 15 1978
MONTANA STATE imMIX
8S0 E lywble Ave,
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MSU M/IR 29 7fi MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
""" ^ ' «0 S331.4E10WC.2
Montana women on the move :a labor marke
Msc SEP 1^'^
III III I
3 0864 00023719 1
MONTANA WOMEN ON THE MOVE
PUBLISHED IN JANUARY 1978
STATE OF raiTANA
imOMAS L. JUDGE. GOVEmOR
DEPARlTCrn- OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
DAVID E. FULLER. COmiSSIONER
EMPUOYMENT SECURITY DIVISION
FRED BARRETT. ADMINISTRATOR
A Labor Market Information Publication
PRODUCED BY THE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS SECTION
in cooperation with
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
If additional information is desired, contact;
Dick Gibson, Supervisor
Research and Analysis Section
Employment Security Division
P.O. Box 1728 '
Helena, Montana 59601
Phone: (406) 449-2430
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Number
Table of Contents
SECTION 1 Introdud:
Introduction
Table 1.1 Montana CH-
Table 1.2 Character
Table 1.3 Montana Coun
2.1
2.2
2.3
SECTION 2
Women and
Table
Table
Table
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Graph 2.1
Graph 2.2
Graph 2.3
Occupation
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Graph 2.4
Table 2.9
Montana F
Employme ■
Femalf.
Averac
Mo n tar
Montar
Montan.
Percent (
(1976 ""-
Fer-
al '■
(1970
Montana .
(1960 Cen
Nationwide ^^!■
1960 and ^"
Nationv.'io
SkilU
Montar
SECTION
EEO - 4
Table 3,
Table 3.
3 Montana W
Report Anc'
1 Montar
2 Analysis
(Montana)
SECTION 4 Women and Ea
The Earnings Gap
. jL • I.:
aracteri Sties
vi970 Census)
ide (Third Quarter 1977)
tics (1970 Census)
1977)
' .977)
1975)
nt for Montana
: - 1977)
- 1977)
remales
^ "/ed Females
loyed Women by Race -
Managers and
-bar 1977)
:>f June 30, 1977
Government
Sex, 1972
Table 4.1 Earnings
(Nationwide)
Graph 4.1 Fully Employ ' " " ' ' Less Than Fully Employed
Men of Either -- , ,. (Nationwide)
Graph 4.2 Most Women Work Because of Economic Need (Nationwide)
Graph 4.3 Montana Percent Distribution of Hourly Wage Rate Placements
by Sex (Montana Job Service)
Table 4.3 Montana Breakdown of Hourly Dollar Wage Rates by Sex
(Montana Job Service)
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
30
32
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
SECTION 5
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
SECTION 6
Educational
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Graph 6.1
Graph 6.2
Table 6.6
Montana Female Unemployment
Occupational Attachment of Unemployed Females 1n Montana
(1974 - 1977)
Job Counseling and Training Activity (Montana Job Service)
Montana Job Placement Activity
Montana Breakdown of Job Placements by Hourly Dollar
Wage Rate and Sex
Montana Characteristics of WIN Placements
Montana Hourly Dollar Wages at which WIN Registrants
Were Placed
Montana Occupational Category at WIN Placements
Page Number
43
44
45
46
46
47
47
47
Education
Attainment of Women in Montana
Montana Average Educational Attainment (1970 Census)
Montana Number of Degrees Awarded, 1965-66 Through 1976-77
Nationwide Number of Degrees Awarded 1965-66 Through 1974-75
Montana Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded 1965-66
Through 1976-77
Nationwide Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded 1965-66
Through 1974-75
Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded to Females (Montana)
Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded to Females
(United States)
Montana Occupational Category of Degrees Awarded
SECTION 7 Laws Affecting Montana Women
What is Discrimination?
Laws Affecting Montana Women
Information Centers for Women in Montana
49
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
67
68
70
75
SECTION 8
Outlook
Outlook
77
78
References
79
n
INTRODUCTION
and
FEMALE LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Women accounted for nearly three-fifths of the increase in the national
civilian labor force in the last decade. 1/ This and other eye-
opening facts clearly point out that women are a vital part of the
labor force and are becoming more so everyday. Statistics point
out that:
1. Nine out of ten women will work at some time in their lives
(national figures).
2. In 1949, 26 percent of women were in the labor force, and by
1975 their average participation rate had almost doubled to 46. 4%. 2/
3. The number of working mothers has increased more than tenfold
since the period immediately preceding World War 11.3/
4. The average married woman can expect to work 25 years. 4/
5. The average single woman can expect to work 45 years. 4/
6. Women were awarded an average of 43.7% of all bachelor degrees
received in the United States in the decade ending 1975, 39.9%
of all masters degrees, 7.0% of all first professional degrees,
and 15.6% of all doctorate degrees.
7. Women were awarded an average of roughly 42.5% of all bachelor
degrees received in Montana since 1965, 26.3% of all masters
degrees, 4.2% of all first professional degrees, and 6.5% of all
doctorate degrees. 5/
Despite this increase in labor force participation, women earned
just over half (57.2%) the income of their male counterparts in 1974.
Even worse, the percentage has steadily declined since 1955, when
women earned 63.9% as much as men. There are reasons for this gap.
Women work fewer overtime hours than men, have less worklife experience,
and are more likely to be concentrated in the low-wage occupations. 6/
Nevertheless, research studies have found that "a differential between
the earnings of women and men remains, even after adjusting for such
factors as education, work experience and occupation or industry group. "6/
In Montana and in the nation, the problem facing women is not finding
employment - rather, it is landing better paying jobs which offer
the opportunity of a bright future and the chance to upgrade and
develop present skills. In the words of Jennifer S. Macleod, vice
president of the Fidelity Bank, Philadelphia, PA and witness during
the Joint Economic Committee's hearing on women in the labor force,
"True equality awaits the day when a mediocre woman can go as far
and earn as much as a mediocre man. "7/
1/ U.S. Department of Labor, Women Workers Today, Washington, D.C.:
~ U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, p.l.
2/ Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.
3/ Working Mothers and Their Children, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1977, p.l.
4/ "Cinderella Doesn't Live Here Anymore," Womanpower, Vol. 7 No. 11,
~ Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 1975, p. 34.
5/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Earned Degrees
Conferred: 1965-66 through 1974-75, Washington, D.C.: UTS.
Government Printing Office.
6/ U.S. Department of Labor, Women Workers Today, Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, pp. 8-9.
7/ "JEC Hearing Studies Massive Entry of Women Into Labor Market,"
Notes from the Joint Economic Committee, Volume III No. 23,
Washington, D.C.: Joint Economic Committee Publications Department,
October 7, 1977.
TABLE 1.1
MONTANA
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOR FORCE
(1970 Census Data)
NUMBER PERCENT
TOTAL POPULATION 694,593 100%
Female 347,712 50.1%
White Female 332,700 47.9%
Non-White Female 15,012 2.2%
TOTAL LABOR FORCE 260,649 100%
Female 91,578 Z5.1%
White Female 89,023 Z4.1%
Non-White Female 2,555 1.0%
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 244,608 100%
Female 85,337 Z4.9%
White Female 83,209 34.0%
Non-White Female 2,128 0.9%
TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT 16,041 100%
Female 6,241 Z8.9%
White Female 5,814 Z6.2%
Non-White Female 427 2.7%
TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 6.2%
Female 6.8%
White Female 6.5%
Non-White Female 16.7%
TABLE 1.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOR FORCE NATIONWIDE
3rd quarter, 1977
(Numbers in Thousands)
NUMBER PERCENT
TOTAL NON- INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION
Female
TOTAL CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Female
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT
Female
TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Female
TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Female
Source: Employment & Earnings, Volume 24 Number 10, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau or LaDor Statistics.
158,898
100.0
74,429
46.8
97,623
100.0
35,864
36.7
90,809
100.0
33,352
36.7
6,814
100.0
2,512
36.8
7.0
7.0
1970 Census
MONTANA
COUNTIES
Beaverhead
Big Horn
Blaine
Broadwater
Carbon
Carter
Cascade
Chouteau
Custer
Daniels
Dawson
Deer Lodge
Fallon
Fergus
Flathead
Gallatin
Garfield
Glacier
Golden Valley
Granite
Hill
Jefferson
Judith Basin
Lake
Lewis & Clark
Liberty
Lincoln
Madison
McCone
Meagher
Mineral
Missoula
Musselshell
Parki/
Petroleum
Phillips
Pondera
Powder River
Powell
Prairie
Ravalli
Richland
Roosevelt
Rosebud
Sanders
Sheridan
Silver Bow
Stillwater
Sweet Grass
Teton
Toole
Treasure
Valley
Wlieatland
Wibaux
Yellowstone
STATEWIDE
CIVILIAN
LABOR FORCE
Female
Total
TABLE 1.3
EWPLOYNIENT
Female
Total Z
1,103
33.32
1,017
32.58
985
29.69
946
29.90
728
31.28
667
32.06
297
32.28
279
31.45
789
31.25
739
30.88
229
27.75
229
28.44
10,9A1
38.93
10,039
38.21
625
25.21
613
25.20
1,791
38.23
1,716
38.42
332
30.34
328
30.09
l,/i36
32.85
1,392
32.86
1,911
33.60
1.660
31.39
455
29.62
434
29.86
1,575
34.58
1,478
34.14
4,A26
32.51
4,006
32.62
4,67A
36.43
4,385
36.15
217
29.52
212
29.52
1,252
34.95
1,149
36.68
1A3
36.95
131
35.50
253
25.32
238
25.10
2,385
36.63
2,225
35.69
658
37.21
633
37.50
247
24.26
235
23.73
1,713
35.53
1,632
36.21
6,165
41.91
5,881
42.04
259
29.87
259
30.01
1,702
25.41
1,515
25.22
250
23.71
240
23.30
688
34.34
634
33.56
216
25.05
204
25.37
415
34.12
383
36.58
8,591
37.18
7,886
36.93
491
34.09
459
34.43
1,653
36.63
1,559
36.60
51
19.54
51
19.54
683
33.61
651
33.47
743
29.81
717
29.72
349
30.40
337
30.22
821
33.56
772
33.10
216
29.38
216
29.79
1,678
31.89
1,540
31.78
1,080
31.18
1,033
31.19
1,314
37.47
1,229
38.45
841
35.84
802
35.83
788
31.77
733
33.54
496
24.76
496
25.52
5,539
35.77
5,094
35.02
446
27.58
404
26.42
428
33.54
412
32.98
593
27.11
563
26.86
708
32.31
682
32.27
116
30.12
111
29.21
1,517
35.67
1,433
35.50
328
29.92
323
29.90
116
21.56
116
21.76
13,132
37.52
12,219
37.06
91,578
35.13
85,337
34.88
6
UNEMPLOYMENT
JMEMPK
DYMENT
MIL
female
fotal
%
Female
86
45.5^
7.79
39
25.32
3.95
61
24.69
8.37
18
54.54
6.06
50
38.16
6.33
902
49.28
8.24
12
25.53
1.92
75
34.40
4.18
4
100.00
1.20
44
32.35
3.06
251
63.06
13.13
21
25.30
4.61
97
43.11
6.15
420
31.46
9.48
289
41.34
6.18
5
29.41
2.30
103
22.88
8.22
12
66.67
8.39
15
29.41
5.92
160
57.55
6.70
25
31.25
3.79
12
42.85
4.85
81
25.79
4.72
284
39.38
4.60
187
27.10
10.98
10
41.66
4.00
54
47.36
7.84
12
20.68
5.55
32
18.93
7.71
705
40.17
8.20
32
29.90
6.51
94
37.15
5.68
32
36.78
4.68
26
32-50
3.49
12
36.36
3.43
49
42.98
5.96
138
33.17
8.22
47
30.92
4.35
85
27.41
6.46
39
36.11
4.63
55
18.64
6.97
445
47.34
8.03
42
47.72
9.41
16
59.25
3.73
30
32.96
5.05
26
33.33
3.67
5
100.00
4.31
84
38.88
5.53
5
31.25
1.S2
913
44.97
6.95
6,241
38.90
6.81
MONTANA FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
SECTION 2
The following pages give an
overview of female employment by industrial
and occupational attachment.
WOMEN AND EMPLOYMENT
IJomen represented 41.2% of total non-agricultural employment for
1977 in Montana compared to the 1974 rate of 38%. This amounted
to a q:in of approximately twenty thousand women or 2/3 of the total
increase in non-aqricultural employment.
1974
1975
FEMALES
1976
1977
MALES
Much of this increase is found in the traditionally female industries
such as services. The trend for qreater female participation should
continue as the demand for more services increase and as more women
make their way into other non-agricultural industries.
Montana women seem to be doing as well or better when compared to
national figures. The female participation rate for July, 1977 is
40.6% for Montana non-agricul^wral employment or 1.6 percentage points
higher than the national figures of 39%.
Montana
Total
40.6
Mining
6.7
Contract Construction
7.0
Manufacturing
12.3
Transportation !>i
Public Utilities
19.1
Wholesale & Retail
Trade
43.5
Finance, Insurance, S
Real Estate
Service
Government
TABLE 2.1
JULY 1977
FEMALE PERCENT OF EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY
National
39.0
8.0
7.0
29.0
22.0
42.0
56.0
56.0
44.0
62.6
62.0
43.8
As could be expected there is a greater concentration of women in Trade,
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate, Service and Government. These industries
are largely female by the nature of the jobs; secretaries, clerks, health
related and other similar occupations. They also have lower average weekly
earnings.
TABLE 2.2
AUGUST 1977
AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS
National
$303.21
301.44
227.70
282.40
145.52
169.28
157.72
Mining
Montana
$374.69
Contract Construction
429.46
Manufacturing
273.49
Transportation &
Public Utilities
314.61
Wholesale & Retail
Trade
163.45
Finance, Insurance &
Real Estate
129.78
Services
111.80
9
In the higher earninqs industries (Mining, Construction, Manufacturim and
Transportation and Public Utilities), female percentaqes are much lower. In
these areas, Montana women have rates near or below those of National figures.
The area where Montana shows the greatest difference is in Manufacturing.
Montana's main manufacturing industries are lumber and primary metals. When
examining the nature of the jobs found in these industries, they are found to be
highly non-traditional for women. Nationwide manufacturing includes many indus-
tries which do have jobs that are traditionally female. This accounts for the
gap betv/een state and national figures. Although women are capable of working
in lumber and primary metals their participation rate is well below such man-
ufacturing industries as textiles (47%), electrical equiptment (AU) and food
(28%).
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13
GRAPH 2.1
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALES BY INDUSTRIAL
ATTACHMENT FOR MONTANA
1^1^
iti6
.3%
1976 ANNUAL AVERAGES
14
>
2:
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15
GRAPH 2.3
FEMALE PERCENTAGE OF ALL WORKERS
1975-1977
MANUFACTURING
12. S \
12. S
11. S X
10. S
_-/
6.0
5.0--
/'
4.0 ..
MINING
CONSTRUCTION
S.O
7.0
6.0 -
1975 ' 1976 " ' 1977
16
GRAPH 2.3 (Cont.)
FEMALE PERCENTAGE OF ALL WORKERS
1975-1977
19
18-
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
17-^
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
4S -
44 .
43 -
42 .
41 _
40
FINANCE, INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE
1975
1976
1977
17
GRAPH 2.3 (Cont.)
FEMALE PERCENTAGE OF ALL WORKERS
1975-1977
SERVICES
66
64
63
62
61
60
GOVERNMENT
49
47
45
43
41
39
1975
l97r
1977
18
OCCUPATIONAL ATTACHflENT OF WOMEN
When comparing 1960 and 1970 Census data, some increase can be found in non-
traditional female occupations. In the area of Professional, Technical and Related,
there has been a 1.4 percentage point increase from 16.5% to 17.9%. Some of
this increase is attributable to female increases in educational attainment and
also to the greater acceptance of working women in this and all other occupations.
There has also been a slight increase in Craftsmen, Foreman and Related occupations
As reported in ',/onenpower November 1975, in 1960 nine skilled trades reported no
women workers. By 1970, all skilled trades had some female representation. From
1900 throunh 19G0 women were holding only 2 to 3 percent of «;killed iobs. By 1970
this had increased to 5 percent. As more women are accepted into apprenticeship
programs there should be further increase in the skilled crafts areas. There have
also been increases in two predominately female occupation areas. Service and
Clerical. As demands for more services increase, there will likely be further
increases of women in all Service Worker occupations.
19
TABLE 2.6
MONTANA
OC: JPATIONAL ATTACHMENT OF EMPLOYED FEMALES
(1970 Census Data)
TOTAL EMPLOYED
PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL & RELATED
Engineers
Medical & Hfe.lth Workers
Teachers, Elf.ientary & Secondary Schools
Other Profess Tna' Workers
NONFARM MANAGERS & ADMINISTRATORS
Salaried
Self-employed
FARM WORKERS
NONFARM LABOREFxi
SALES WORKERS
Retail Stores
Other Sales Workers
CLERICAL WORKERS
Secretaries, Sttnographers, & Typists
Other Clerical Workers
CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN & RELATED
Construction Craftsmen
Mechanics & Repairmen
Machinist ^ other Metal Craftsmen
Other Craftsmen
OPERATIVES, EXCEPT TRANSPORT
Durable Goods Manufacturing
Nondurable Goods Manufacturing
Nonmanufacturing
TP-AfiS^ORT EQUIPMENT OPERATIVES
SERVICE WORKERS EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD
Cleaning & Food Service Workers
Protective Servi^^ Workers
Personal, Healt other Service Workers
PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS
PERCENT
100.
0
17.
9
4.
S
8.
0
5.
4
5.5
2.4
1.1
7.7
6.7
1.0
31.7
10.2
21.5
1.0
3.4
0.4
0.5
2.5
0.4
25.4
16. 0
0.1
9.3
3.4
20
TABLE 2.7
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL ATTACHMENT OF EMPLOYED FEMALES
(i960 Census Data)
TOTAL EMPLOYED
PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED
Medical S Other Health Workers
Salaried
Self-employed
Teachers, Elementary and Secondary
Other Professional, Technical and Kindred
Salaried
Self-employed
FARMERS & FARM MANAGERS
MANAGERS, OFFICIALS S PROPRIETORS (Non-Farm)
Salaried
Self-employed
Retai 1 Trade
Other than retail trade
SALES WORKERS
Retail trade
Other than retail trade
CLERICAL & KINDRED WORKERS
Secretaries, Stenographers & Typists
Other clerical workers
CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN & RELATED
OPERATIVES & KINDRED
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Manufacturing
FARM LABORERS & FOREMEN
NON-FARM LABORERS, EXCEPT MINE
PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS
SERVICE WORKERS, EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD
Food Service Workers
Other Services
OCCUPATIONS NOT REPORTED
PERCENT
100.0%
16.5
4.5
0.4
7.6
3.1
0.9
1.2
5.6
3.0
1.3
1.3
8.9
8.0
0.9
27.8
8.3
19.4
0.7
4.2
0.1
0.6
3.5
1.5
0.3
7.5
21.5
10.2
11.3
4.4
21
TABLE 2.8
NATIONWIDE
MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUPS OF EMPLOYED WOMEN,
BY RACE, 1960 and 1976 V
Major
occupation qroup
1976
Minority
^ 1960
White Minority
White
i^umber (in thousands)
Percent
Professional and technical workers
Nonfarm managers and administrators
Clerical workers
Sales workers
Operatives (including transport)
Service workers (except private
household)
Private household workers
Other occupations
4,356
30,739
2,821
19,376
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.2
16.2
6.9
13.1
2.8
5.9
1.8
5.4
26.0
36.2
9.2
32.9
2.5
7.3
1.5
8.5
15.7
11.3
14.1
15.1
26.0
16.8
21.4
13.7
9.4
2.2
35.1
6.1
3.4
4.1
10.8
5.2
- Data are for women 16 years of age and over in 1976 but 14 years
and over in 1960.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics:
Employment and Earnings, January 1977 and January 1961.
22
Cvj
CS
(f)
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23
TABLE 2.9
MONTANA
WOMEN IN APPRENTICESHIPS
October, 1977
Baker
Bookbinder
Carpenter
Cook
Electrician
Machinist
Meat Cutter
Pressperson
Printer
Shoe Repairer
Telephone Combination
Telephone Installer
Telephone Lineperson
Telephone Switchperson
Telephone Testboard Person
Upholsterer
Ophthalmic Finish and Assembly
Remaining Apprenticeships
TOTAL
38
5
214
5
127
30
57
16
3
8
17
73
42
8
23
8
2
1,100
WOMEN
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
5
28
13
8
14
2
1
TOTAL :
(Percent)
100,0%
85
S%
Source: Department of Labor and Industry, Apprenticeship Bureau
24
MONTANA WOMEN AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT
SECTION 3
The following pages contain
the EEO-4 Report for 1977, and an analysis
of the Report.
25
EEO-4 REPORT ANALYSIS
Reprinted with the Permission
of the Montana Department of Administration,
Equal Employment Opportunity Bureau.
This year's EEO-4 Report shows the employment picture for women by EEO-4
Category to be substantially unchanged. There has been no increase in
the representation of women in the four traditionally underrepresented
groups - Officials and Administrators, Professionals, Protective Service
Workers and Skilled Craft. Women made an overall gain of 56 positions
or h%.
The minority picture is one of decline in the Officials and Administrators
category and Protective Service Workers category which previously had
substantial minority underrepresentation. Minority representation in
the remaining categories remains unchanged, and there is an overall decline
of 7 positions. It should be noted that minority percentages are based
on small numbers and change substantially with the addition or loss of
very few people.
I. Officials and Administrators
In this category, the representation of women is unchanged from 1975-
76 (a decrease of one woman) and remains at 11%.
Women constitute a smaller percentage of new hires in this category
(8 out of 57 or 14% for this report versus 14 out of 77 or 18% last
reoorting period). New hires are misleading, however, because they
do hot include all employees who are new to the category. New hires,
for instance, do rot include internal promotions an'i may or may not
include persons transferring between agencies. A person may be a
"new hire" for the agency, but not necessarily for the state, and,
may or may not be counted for the EEO-4 Report as a new hire.
Minority representation has decreased by '2%, from 10 individuals in
1976 to 7 for this reporting period leaving 1% representation. There
were no minority new hires this year versus two for 1976.*
II. Professionals
The number of women in this category went from 627 in 1976 to 699 in
1977; however, the percentage remained the same at 29%. The male
employees in this category rose by 105, nullifying any gain women may
nave made.
* New hires can be misleading as indicated above.
27
This year 212 of the 695 new hires were female (36%) versus 233 of
the 528 new hires last year (34*5%).*
The percentage of minorities employed in the professional category
remains roughly at 2V^. Minorities constituted less than 3% of the
new hires for last year in this category and a little over 3'^% for
this year, indicating a slight gain in this area. The hiring ratio
was about even for both sexes of minority groups.*
III. Technicians
Females fared a little better in the Technical positions this year
over last, 513 (40%) this year as compared to 458 (37%) last year,
or a 3% gain.
The total newly hired employees is 175 less than last year. One
hundred and fifty-one (151) of last year's 448 new hires (34%) were
women versus 99 of this year's 273 new hires (36%).
Minority representation remained the same as last year at 2%.
The new hires, however, increased from 10 out of 448 or 2% in
1976 to 12 out of 273, or 4% in 1977. The 2% increase was primarily
due to the lower number of total persons hired.*
IV. Protective Service Workers
Females are sparse in this traditionally male category, there was
a one person decrease from last reporting period, leaving 15 females
or a 2'2% female representation. No female minorities were employed in
this category either in 1976 or 1977. In 1976, minority males
numbered 4 out of 537, or less than 1%; 1977 showed a loss of 1
male minority, pushing the percentage even lower.
New hires indicated that, in 1976, there were 7 women and 1 minority
male new hires out of 142. The 1977 statistics show that out of 202
new hires, 10 were female and none were minorities.*
Para-Professionals
Women had a high representation of 816 or 51% of all employees in
this category for 1976 and showed a 2% gain in 1977. This may
be due to the types of jobs in this category. Example: home
attendants, nurses aides and teacher aides.
New hires for females in 1976 were 51% female and in 1977, 55%
female.*
Minority new hires totaled 26, or 3% in 1976. Although the
number of new hires increased to 30, or 5% for 1977, the overall
minority representation remained at 3% for this job category.*
New hires can be misleading as indicated on page 1.
28
VI. Office and Clerical
Female nunbers continued to increase in this category. Female
representation in 1976 was 1,948, or 87% and in 1977 is 2,011
or 89% - a 2% increase. Females comprised 89% of the new hires in
both reporting periods.*
Minorities remain at 2% of this job category, and their representa-
tion among new hires has been at 3% for both years.*
VII. Skilled Craft
The 1976 Report showed 3 newly hired females while the 1977 Report
showed nc additional females were hired.* There were 30 females on
board in 1976, or 4% of the total employees in this category. The
1977 Report shows 26 females on board. The percentage rate remains
the same.
Minority employment was unchanged, having a decrease of 1 male
minority employee this year. Minorities comprise 3% of Skilled
Craft Workers.
VIII. Service and Maintenance
Women comprised 29% of this category in 1976. In 1977 the number
of females decreased by 64, leaving 216 females, or 26% of the work
force in this category, a decline of 3%. One hundred and forty-seven
(147) (40%) of the new hires for 1976 were women as compared to 99
(39%) for 1977.*
Minority representation in 1976 was 28, or slightly less than
3%. In 1977, minority representation is 24 or 2.8% - indicating a
total decline of 4 persons.
Minority new hires were 13 (3%) in 1976 and 11 (4%) in 1977.
IX. Total
Women held 4,252 or 42's% of all state jobs in 1976, and 4,308 or
43% in 1977. Women's overall gain was 56 jobs or k%'
Minorities held 242 positions (2%) in 1976 and 235 (2%) in 1977.
Minority numbers have declined by 7 positions.
* New hires can be misleading as indicated on page 1.
29
RONTANA STATE GOVERNMENT imPK^MFNT DATA AS OF iDNf ^0
!>•) infl nil li((li» cti'f I*'(l/(if>| .i)in!efi ofiic icil'.. BUmks will b
, 1977
L- counted CIS /t-ro)
1 flJLL TIME fc/V,l'U)YEfcS aemporcny en,|,loyees not mcludfcl)
. 1 ,.,.,.„,.■.,
lOIAL
A
MAIE
FEMALE
•,Ai .-..
000»
NON HISPANIC
ORIGIN
HISPANK
D
0
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OR
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E
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F
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ISlA-iDER
J
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K
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453
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291
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266
95
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167
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62
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0
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0
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1
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385
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0
TABLE 3.1
.toe col-^
30
MONTANA STATE GOV'T empioyment data as of june 30, 197f (Cont.)"
(Do not iricliKlM cU'i lfcl/ti|)|K>mtL'(l oKkmiK Blnnks will bf> ( ODPitfd ci:, zero)
I FUl^Il/WF [A/MK>V(|S (leroporflrycrnployeei not wiclodecl)
2 OTHER THAN FULL TIME EMPLOYEES (Include temporary eniployees)
f>6 OfUCIAlS ADMIN
67 PBOfESSlONAlS
68 TFCMNICIANS
6V PPOTECTIVt SERV
70 PARA PROFESSIONAL
4
.M
_212
SI
_iM
2S1.
3^
_1^
Jl
All
JQ
J.Z1
71 OFFICE ■ CIERKAL
72 SKIIiED CRAFI
B31
_4i
Aaa
JLL2
-30.
73 SFRV , MAINT
492
74 TOIAl OTHER
THAN fUll
! TIME
(LINES 66-73)
351
114
2593
1342
31
1179
3. NEW HIRES DURING FISCAL YEAR - Permonent full time only
JULY 1 - JUNE 30
24
1 75 OFFICIALS ADMIN
_. 5i
49
0
0
0
0
8
0
£L
0
0
j 76 PROFFSSIQNALS
Sfi2
359
n
3
1
7
202
0
0
6
4
1 77 TECHNICIANS
27^
lfi5
1
n
2
fi
96
0
1
0
2
78 PROTECTIVE SERV
202
192
n
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
79 lARA PROFESSIONAL
SSS
235
JL
0
2
10
290
2
4
0
IL
80 OtFiCE CLERICAL
7fi7
77
n
0
0
4
665
0
3
0
IS
81 SKkLfD CRAFT
2^
22
jli
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
82 SERV MAiNT
2SS
147
1
1
1
fi
•9 7
1
0
0
1
1 83 TOTAL NEW HIRES
1 (LINES 75 83)
2714
1246
3
4
6
34
1368
3
8
6
36
COf'V
31
TABLE 3.2
ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN POLICY POSITIONS IN STATE GOVERNMENT 1^
(MONTANA)
DEPARTMENT
DEPUTIES &
ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPARTMENT
HEADS
SPECIAL ASST.
ASSISTANTS
M F GRADE
M F GRADE
M F GRADE
Administration
2
Agriculture
1
Business Regulation
Community Affairs
1
Public Instruction
1*
Fish & Game
1
1 15
Governor's Office
1*
1 1 E
3 3 E
Health & Env. Science
Highwa^/s
1
Institutions **
1
Justice
]•
1
1 13
Labor & Industry
Lands
Livestock
Military Affairs
1
Natural Resources
1
_/ Source: Prepared by ICCW - As of September 1977.
♦Elected Officials
** Unable to obtain verification from the agency
?,9
TABLE 3.2 (Cont.)
ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN POLICY POSITIONS IN STATE ROVERNMENtI/
(MONTANA)
DEPARTMENT
Administration
Agriculture
Business Regulation
Community Affairs
Public Instruction
Fish & Game
Governor's Office
Health & Env. Sci .
Highways
Institutions**
Justice
Labor & Industry
Lands
Livestock
Military Affairs
Natural Resources
DIVISION ADMINISTRATOR
-M Grade
GRADE
15
8
4
7
4
6
2
4
6
5
17-
20
14-
19
IS-
IS
17-
19
19
18
E
17
16
23
18-
24
17-
21
17-
23
25
5 E
6
3
2
1
•8
18
18-
20
15-
17
19-
23
17
IS-
IS
21
5
6
5
14
8
5
14
9
5
6
1
10
(1) Institution Supt.
BUREAU CHIEF
Jl GRADE
IS-
IS
14-
17
18
16-
17
E
17-
23
15-
19
16-
17
15-
17
IS-
IS
14-
16
15-
21
15
15-
17
1/ c
- Source: Prepared by ICCW - As of September 1977
Unable to obtain verification from the Agency.
33
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
ORADL
17
14
17-
23
16
17
15-
17
14
11
14
13
OTHER
-M GRADE F GRAnp
(2)
6^ 15-
17
4(2) 16-
17
6(2) 17
(2) Asst. Div. Admin,
TABLE 3.2 (Cont.)
ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN POLICY POSITIONS IN STATE GOVERNMENtI/
(MONTANA)
Department
Professional &
Occupational Licen,
Public Service Com.
Revenue
SRS
TOTAL :
DEPARTMENT
HEADS
M
1
5*
1
1
16
GRADE
DEPUTIES &
SPECIAL ASST.
M
GRADE
}?(3,
ADMINISTRATIVE
ASSISTANT
GRADE
15
14 1
17
DEPARTMENT
DIVISION ADMINISTRATOR
BUREAU CHIEFS
r
OTHER
M GRADE F GRADE
M
GRADE F GRADE
M GRADE F GRADE
Professional &
Occupational Licen.
Public Service Com.
Revenue
22 14-
9
13- 4 11-
SRS
6 17- 1 18
15
16 15
16- 2 16-
13^^) 14- 18^^) 14-
18
17 17
17 17
TOTAL : 128
158
23
29
18
TOTAL POSITIONS: 406
54 Women
352 Men
♦Elected Officials
(3) Exec. Sec,
(4) Co. Welfare Directors
- Source: Prepared by ICCW - As of September 1977,
34
WOMEN AND EARNINGS
SECTION 4
55
THE EARNINGS GAP
The gap between earnings of males and females is real and continues to grow. In
1955 women earned 63.9% of males earnings. By 1974 this had dropped to 57,2%
TABLE 4.1
Earnings of Full -Time, Year- Round Workers by Sex, 1972i/
(NATIONWIDE)
Earnings Women Men
[Jumber with earnings (in thousands)
Percent
Less than $3,000
$3,000 to $4,999
$5,000 to $6,999
$7,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 and over
Part of the reason for this differential could be the fact that most female employment
is concentrated in industries that have lower average weekly earninns. Another
factor could be the following idea brought out in Women and Work. "The Employer view
that women are less committed, able or productive workers than men needs careful
examination. .............
Possibly the opposite of what employers and some researchers claim is in fact true,
that women's earnings suffer because they remain committed, steady, able workers,
even when wage and promotional incentives are low. Hales are in a better baroaining
position than females because their labor is in shorter supply (at least when
measured by unemployment rates). Moreover, they apparently nress their barqaininn
position much harder than females do. If employers wish to retain males, and keep
their productivity relatively high, they may need to pay them higher wages. The
same may not apply to women workers. The problem, then, is not that women are less
committed workers than men, but that they may be too conmitted and undemanding, and
therefore less able to increase their compensation.
16,675
38,134
100.0
100.0
9.4
4.6
26.2
6.6
29.2
12.6
23.9
24.9
9.7
31.2
1.7
20.0
1/
Persons 14 years of age and over.
Source: Prepared by the Women's Bureau from data published by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports,
Series P-60, No. 90, 1973.
36
TABLE 4.2
Comparison of Median Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Workers,
by Sex 1955-1974
(NATIONWIDE)
(Persons 14 Years of Age and Over)
Women's
earnings
Percent
men's
Earninqs
Earnings
as a
earnings
gap in
Median
earninqs
gap in
percent
exceeded
constant
Women
Men
dollars
of men's
women's
1967 dollars
Year
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
1974
$6,772
$11,835
$5,063
57.2
74.8
$3,433
1973
6,335
11,186
4,851
56.6
76.6
3,649
1972
5,903
10,202
4,299
57.9
72.8
3,435
1971
5,593
9,399
3,806
59.5
68.0
3,136
1970
5,323
8,966
3,643
59.4
68.4
3,133
1969
4,977
8,227
3,250
60.5
65.3
2,961
1968
4,457
7,664
3,207
58.2
72.0
3,079
1967
4,150
7,182
3,032
57.8
73.1
3,032
1966
3,973
6,848
2,875
58.0
72.4
2,958
1965
3,823
6,375
2,552
60.0
66.8
2,700
1964
3,690
6,195
2,505
59.6
67.9
2,696
1963
3,561
5,978
2,417
59.6
67.9
2,637
1962
3,466
5,974
2,528
59.5
73.4
. 2,790
1961
3,351
5,644
2,293
59.4
68.4
2.559
1960
3,293
5,417
2,124
60.8
64.5
2,394
1959
3,193
5,209
2,016
61.3
63.1
2,308
1958
3,102
4,927
1,825
63.0
58.8
2,108
1957
3,008
4,713
1,705
63.8
56.7
2,023
1956
2,827
4.466
1,639
63.3
58.0
2,014
1955
2,719
4,252
1,533
63.9
56.4
1,911
l^otes: For 1967-1974, data include wage and salary income and earnings from
self-employment; for 1956-66, data include wage and salary income
only.
Column 3 = column 2 minus column 1.
Column 4 = column 1 divided by column 2.
Column 5 = column 2 minus column 1, divided by column 1.
Column 6 = column 3 times the purchasing power of the consumer dollar
(1967 = $1.00).
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census: "Money Income
of Families and Persons in the United States." Current Population Reports, 1957 to
1975. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Handbook of Labor
Statistics, 1975.
37
CD
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39
GRAPH 4.3
nONTANA
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY WAGE RATE PLACEMENTS BY SEX*
40
30
10
Under
2.10-
2.30-
2.50-
3.00-
3.50-
4.00-
4.50-
5.00
2.10
2.29
2.49
2.99
3.49
3.99
4.49
4.99
UP
* As Reported by Montana's loaal Job Service of f ices , October 1, 1976 through
September ZO , 1977.
40
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41
MONTANA FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT
SECTION 5
: The following pages contain
infonnation on occupational attachment of
unemployed females, and Job Service
activities involving female applicants.
43
TABLE 5.1
OCCUPATIONAL ATTACHMENT OF
UNEMPLOYED FEMALES IN MONTANA
1974-1977
(Percent Distribution)
1974
1975
1976
1977.^-^
1/
Professional, Technical
& Managerial
Clerical
Services
Farming, Fishing,
Forestry & Related
Processing
Machines Trades
Bench Work
Structural Work
Miscellaneous
8.47,
7.6Z
12.6%
13.4%
48.6%
48.3%
45.2%
41.1%
35.2%
34.7%
33.4%
37.8%
.3%
.2%
1.3%
.3%
1.4%
.8%
.8%
.8%
2.4%
2.3%
1.2%
1.4%
1.6%
1.6%
1.1%
.9%
.6%
1.1%
.9%
1.1%
2.5%
3.4%
3.5%
3.2%
TOTAL;
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Source: ES 203 (Sample claims as reported by Montana's Local
Job Service office). Employment Security Division,
Research and Analysis Section.
1/ January 1 through August 30, 1977.
44
TABLE 5.2
JOB COUNSELING AND TRAINING ACTIVITY
(Montana Job Service Offices)
TOTAL APPLICANTS COUNSELED: 18,102
Females Counseled: 7,795
TOTAL REFERRED TO SUPPORT SERVICE: 3,588
Females Referred: 1,165
TOTAL GIVEN TESTS: 10,942
Females Tested: 7,176
TOTAL ENROLLED IN TRAINING: 3,554
Females Enrolled: 1 ,780
TOTAL PLACEMENTS RESULTING FROM JOB DEVELOPMENT: 6,074
Female Placements: 2,358
Source: Montana State Employment Security Division, Employment
Security Automated Reporting System, October 1, 1976
through September 30, 1977.
TABLE 5.3
MONTANA
JOB PLACEMENT ACTIVITY
(Montana Job Service Offices)
TOTAL APPLICANTS
Female Applicants
Male Applicants
TOTAL PLACEMENTS
Female Placements
Male Placements
127,842
53,880
73,962
31,642
12,656
18,986
Percent
100.0
42.1
57.9
Percent of
Applicants
Placed
By Sex
24.8
23.5
25.7
TABLE 5.4
MONTANA
BREAKDOWN OF JOB PLACEMENTS
BY HOURLY DOLLAR WAGE RATE AND SEX*
WAGE RATE
TOTAL
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
PERCENT
PERCENT
PERCENT
APPLICANTS
FEMALES
MALES
TOTAL
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
31,642
12,656
18,986
100.0
40.0
60.0
Under 2.10
2,765
1,121
1,644
100.0
40.5
59.5
2.10-2.29
1,324
759
565
100.0
57. Z
42.7
2.30-2.49
8,265
4,494
3,771
100.0
54.4
45.6
2.50-2.99
8,699
4,006
4,693
100.0
46.0
53.9
3.00-3.49
7,404
2,114
5,290
100.0
28.6
71.4
3.50-3.99
3,414
664
2,750
100.0
19.4
80.6
4.00-4.49
2,451
265
2,186
100.0
10.8
89.2
4.50-4.99
1,356
158
1,198
100.0
11.7
88.3
5.00- up
2,895
238
2,747
100.0
8.0
92.0
* Wage rate figures may not add to total, since one applicant may
have been placed at more than one job, and therefore listed at
more than one wage level.
Source: Montana State Employment Security Division, Employment Security Automated
Reporting System, October 1, 1-976 through September 30, 1977.
46
TABLE 5.5
MONTANA
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIN PLACEMENTS
(Montana Job Service Offices)
TOTAL WIN REGISTRANTS:
Female Registrants:
Male Registrants:
TOTAL WIN PLACEMENTS:
Female Placements:
Male Placements:
NUMBER
4,585
3,645
940
1,303
1,024
279
PERCENT
100.0%
79.5%
20.5%
200.0%
78.6%
21.4%
TABLE 5.6
MONTANA
HOURLY DOLLAR WAGES AT WHICH WIN REGISTRANTS WERE PLACED
Regis- Under 2.10- 2.30- 2.50- 3.00- 3.50- 4.00- 4.50- 5.00- Averaqe
trants 2.10 2.29 2.49 2.99 3.49 3.99 4.49 4.99 ug. Wage
Total 1,303 71 60 388 365 161 88 51 17 102 2.98
Female 1,024 62 55 361 320 122 56 22 7 19 2.68
Male 279 9 5 27 45 39 32 29 10 83 4.07
TABLE 5.7
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF WIN PLACEMENTS
TOTAL
0-1 Professional, Technical & Managerial 86
2 Clerical & Sales 348
3 Service 571
4 Farming, Fishing, Forestry
& Related 22
5 Processing 19
6 Machine Trades 32
7 Bench Work 22
8 Structural Work 75
9 Other 128
FEMALE
PERCENT
71
82.6%
326
93.7%
522
91.4%
8
36.4%
10
52.6%
9
28.1%
17
77.3%
7
9.3%
54
42.2%
Source: Montana State Employment Security Division, Employment Security
Automated Reporting System, October 1, 1976 through September 30, 1977.
47
EDUCATION
SECTION 6
National and State trends of
female educational attainment.
49
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WOMEN IN MONTANA
As of the 1970 Census, Montana women had completed 12.3 years of
schooling as compared to 11.9 years for Montana men.
Nationwide, men and women in the labor force have the same median
number of school years completed. However, more women had completed
high school (75% Vs. 71%) while more men had completed college
(19% Vs. 14%).!/
On the college level national figures from the U.S. Department of
H.E.W.'s publication Earned Degrees Conferred, show a continued trend
toward higher educational attainment. The number of students receiving
degrees increased 84% during the decade ending in 1975. Total females
receiving degrees more than doubled, rising from 274,000 in 1965 to
569,000 in 1975, a 107.5% increase. The number of males receiving
degrees also increased (69.5% over 1965 figures).
The number of students receiving degrees in Montana has also increased
by 45.5% between 1965 and 1977. Female graduation increased 64.3%,
(or 730 students) while male graduation increased 34.4%, (or 667 students).
The following table gives a breakdown of the increases noted in
Montana's institutions of higher education within the last 12 years.
Note that first professional degree increases may be misleading
due to the small amount of students receiving these degrees. (First
professional degrees include such occupations as dentistry, law,
medicine, theology, etc. In order to be classified as a first professional
degree, a program must require at least two years of college work
prior to entrance and call for at least 6 years of college education
for completion. )
y U.S. Department of Labor, "Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1977",
Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 100 No. 12, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, December 1977.
51
PERCENT INCREASE BY DEGREES EARNED IN MONTANA 1965-1977
First
Bachelors Masters Professional Ph. D.
Men Women Men Uomen Men Women Men Women
27.4% 51.7% 36.7% 303.7% 116.1% 700.0% 103.4% 100.0%
Not only are Montana women achieving a higher education, they are also
heading toward non- traditional careers more than ever before. Between
1970 and 1977, the percentage of women receiving degrees increased
in the following non-traditional fields: agriculture and natural
resources (14.9), biological sciences (9.3), business management (9.2),
law (7.8), engineering (6.2), and math (4.1). The percentage of women
receiving degrees has decreased in such traditional fields as:
fine and applied arts (-9.7), home economics (-6.0), health (-2.7),
foreign language (-.8), and education (-.5), Note that 1977 figures
do not include private institution data; therefore, the differentials
may vary slightly.
An analysis conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics
showed that the percentage of women enrolled in first-professional
degree programs has increased dramatically. Between 1969-1970 and
1975-1976, the proportion of women among total enrollment in selected
programs had risen in medicine from 9.0 to 20.5%, in dentistry from
1.4 to 9.7%, in veterinary medicine from 8.8 to 23.5%, and in law from
7.0 to 23,3%.^
The percentage of women returning to school to receive their masters
degree is also on the upswing in almost all occupational categories, as can
be seen in both state and national totals.
2/ U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Reporter, December 1977,
Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977, p. 87.
52
TABLE 6.1
MONTANA
1970 CENSUS DATA
AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
NUMBER OF
AREA PERSONS
STATE
Total , 14 & over
501,780
Males, 14 & over
248,999
Females , 14 ?^ over
252,781
Total, 25 & over
364,508
Males, 25 & over
180,092
Females, 25 & over
184,416
URBAN
Total , 14 S over
272,328
Males, 14 & over
131,736
Females, 14 & over
140,592
Total, 25 & over
192,060
Males, 25 & over
91,644
Females, 25 & over
100,416
RURAL NON-FARM
Total, 14 & over
169,903
Males, 14 & over
85,103
Females, 14 X over
84,800
Total, 25 8, over
127,668
Males, 25 & over
64,302
Females, 25 & over
63,366
RURAL FARM
Total, 14 & over
:9,549
Males, 14 & over
32,160
Females, 14 & over
27,389
Total, 25 & over
44,780
Males, 25 & over
24,146
Females, 25 & over
20,634
MEDIAN
SCHOOL
YEAR COMPLETED
12
.2
12
.1
12
.2
12
.3
12
.2
12
.3
12
.3
12
.3
12
.3
12
.4
12
.4
12
.4 :
11,
,8
11.
.3
12,
.0
12.
.1
12,
.0
12.
,2
11.
,8
11.
,0
12.
2
12.
2
11.
6
12.
4
53
TABLE
6.2
MONTANA
NUMBER OF DEGREES
AWARDED,
1965-66
THROUGH
1976
-77
(By Sex)
BACHELOR'S
MASTER'S
FIRST
PROFESSIONAL
PHD
YEAR
MEfl WOMEN
MEN 1
JOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
1965-66
1590 1078
288
54
31
1
29
2
66-67
1601 1113
287
89
35
-
46
3
67-68
1644 1185
347
109
33
1
41
3
68-69
1873 1449
371
134
47
-
47
4
69-70
2193 1553
433
153
34
-
62
1
70-71
2309 1682
512
170
34
1
74
2
71-72
2301 1819
480
182
39
0
67
5
*72-73
73-74
2252 1621
485
187
49
2
93
10
74-75
2083 1639
435
178
54
7
73
8
*75-76
2208 1634
468
218
58
7
61
5
*76-77
2025 1635
454
218
67
8
59
4
* Information for the year 1?72-1973 is not available. Information for the
years 1975-1977 has not yet been published. Figures were obtained through
the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Comissioner of
higher education, and include only public institution data.
Source: U. S. Department of Heialth, Education and Welfare, National Center for
Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred, 1965-1975
54
TABLE 6.3
NATIONWIDE
NUMBER OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1965-66 THROUGH 1974-75
(By Sex)
FIRST
BACHELOR'S
MASTER'S
PROFESSIONAL
PHD
YEAR
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
965-66
301,969
223,296
93.184
47,588
29,153
1,195
16,121
2,118
66-67
324,710
238,232
103,179
54,713
30,590
1,330
18.164
2,457
67-68
360,163
277,174
113,749
63,401
32,667
1,587
20,185
2,906
68-69
412,864
321,138
121,881
72,553
34,069
1,612
22,753
3,436
69-70
453,605
344,465
126,146
83,241
33,344
1,908
25,892
3,980
70-71
478,423
367,687
138,590
92,896
35,797
2,479
27,534
4,579
71-72
503,361
390,479
150,085
102,689
41,021
2,753
28,095
5,274
72-73
521,534
408,738
155,000
109,525
46,827
3,608
28,575
6,215
73-74
530,907
423,469
158,344
119,915
48,904
5,374
27,374
6,452
74-75
508.424
423,239
162,115
131,536
49,230
7,029
26,819
7,267
Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for
Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred. 1965-1974.
55
TABLE 6.4
MONTANA
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF DEGREES AWARDED. 1965-66 THROUGH 1976-77
(By Sex)
BACHELOR'S
MASTER'S
FIRST
PROFESSIONAL
PHD
YEAR
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
1965-66
59.6
40.4
84.2
15.8
96.9
3.1
93.5
6.5
66-67
59.0
41.0
76.3
23.7
100.0
0
93.9
6.1
67-68
58.2
41.9
76.1
23.9
97.0
3.0
93.2
6.8
68-69
56.4
43.6
73.5
26.5
100.0
0
92.2
7.8
69-70
58.5
41.5
73.9
26.1
100.0
0
98.4
1.6
70-71
57.9
42.1
75.1
24.9
97.1
2.9
97.4
2.6
71-72
55.8
44.2
72.5
27.5
100.0
0
93.1
6.9
* 72-73
73-74
58.1
41.9
72.2
27.8
96.1
3.9
90.3
9.7
74-75
56.0
44.0
71.0
29.0
88.5
11.5
90.1
9.9
* 75-76
57.5
42.5
68.2
31.8
89.2
10.8
92.4
7.6
* 76-77
55.3
44.7
67.6
32.4
89.3
10.7
93.7
6.3
* Information for the year 1972-1973 is not available. Information for the
years 1975-1977 has not yet been published. Figures were obtained through
the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Commissioner of
higher education, and include only public institution data.
Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for
Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred, 1965-1975.
56
TABLE 6.5
NATIONWIDE
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1965-66 THROUGH 1974-75
(By Sex)
BACHELOR'S
MASTER'S
FIRST
PROFESSIONAL
PHD
YEAR
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
1965-66
5?. 5
42.5
66.2
33.8
96.1
3.9
88.4
11.6
66-67
57.7
42.3
65.3
34.7
95.8
4.2
88.1
11.9
67-68
56.5
43.5
64.2
35.8
95.4
4.6
87.4
12.6
68-69
56.2
43.8
62.7
37.3
95.5
4.5
86.9
13.1
69-70
56.8
43.2
60.2
39.8
94.6
5.4
86.7
13.3
70-71
56.5
43.5
59.8
40.1
93.5
6.5
85.7
14.3
71-72
56.3
43.7
99.4
40.6
93.7
6.3
84.2
15.8
72-73
56.1
43.9
58.6
41.4
92.8
7.2
82.1
17.9
73-74
55.6
44.4
57.9
43.1
90.1
9.9
80.9
19.1
74-75
54.6
45.4
55.2
44.8
87.5
12.5
78.7
21.3
Source: U.S. Department of Healthy Education and Welfare, national Center for
Educational Statistics , Earned Degrees Conferred, 1965-1975.
57
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59
TABLE 6.6
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977-
BACHELORS
MASTERS
DOCTORATE
% OF
% OF
% OF
'
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
AGRICULTURE &
NATURAL RESOURCES
1970-71
208
7
3.4
43
1
2.3
11
0
0
71-72
228
12
5.3
44
1
2.3
6
0
0
♦72-73
73-74
268
28
10.4
40
3
7.5
7
0
0
*74-75
*75-76
379
58
25.3
48
8
16.7
6
0
0
*76-77
367
67
18.3
38
7
18.4
5
a
0
ARCHITECTURE &
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
70-71
27
1
3.7
-
.
-
_
_
•
71-72
30
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
m
*72-73
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
73-74
19
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
*74-75
*75-76
28
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
*76-77
36
1
-
-
-
-
.
-
.
AREA STUDIES
1970-71
71-72
*72-73
73-74
*74-75
*75-76
♦76-77
1
2
1 100.0
1
2
100.0
100.0
Information for the yeaoca 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975-
1977 waa^ obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the
Cormiaeioner of Higher Education and includee only public institution data.
Source: U.S.^ Department of Health, Education & Welfare, NaHonal Center for Educational
Statvatvca, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.
60
TABLE 6.6 (Cont.)
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977
BACHELOR!
b
MASTERS
DOCTORATE
% OF
% OF
% OF
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES
1970-71
216
68
Z1.5
42
6
14.3
12
71-72
*72-73
193
69
35.8
58
13
22.4
15
1
6.7
73-74
*74-75
245
75
30.6
28
5
17.9
17
3
17.6
*75-76
268
91
34.0
40
8
20.0
14
0
"
♦76-77
200
77
38. S
40
12
30.0
n
3
27.3
BUSINESS ?i
MANAGEMENT
1970
-71
499
72
14
4
41
5
12
9
/I-
-72
488
71
14
5
44
2
4
5
*/2-
-73
-
_
73-
■74
447
61
13.
6
49
2
4
7
*/4-
•75
-
.
*75-
•76
501
113
22.
6
73
7
g
fi
*/6-
■77
461
117
25.
4
62
6
9.
7
COMPUTER &
INFORMATION SCIENCES
1970-71
1
71-72
3
1
33.3
*72-73
-
.
73-74
13
1
7.7
*74-75
•
^
*75-76
28
3
10.7
*76-77
23
4
17.4
^nfomat^on for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975-
1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the
Corrrmssxoner of Evgh^r Education and includes only public institution data.
Source: u.S Dep^tment of Health, Education S Welfare, National Center for Educational
btat^st^cs, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.
61
TABLE 6.6 (Cont.)
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977
BACHELORS
MASTERS
DOCTORATE
% OF
% OF
% OF
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
EDUCATION
1970-71
1266
827
65.3
269
82
30.5
20
1
5.0
71-72
1348
913
67.7
244
91
37.3
18
3
16.7
*72-73
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
73-74
1123
764
68.0
307
118
38.4
31
3
-
*74-75
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*75-76
844
554
65.6
315
127
40.3
20
3
15.0
*76-77
758
502
66.2
321
135
42.1
21
1
4.8
ENGINEERING
1970-71
273
6
2.2
53
_
n
-
_
71-72
258
6
2.3
47
-
7
-
-
♦72-73
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
73-74
259
5
1.9
53
3
5.7
9
-
-
*74-75
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*75-76
251
13
5.2
44
1
2.3
3
-
-
*76-77
253
21
8.3
62
3
4.8
1
-
-
FINE & APPLIED ARTS
1970-71
87
50
57.5
20
6
30.0
71-72
88
49
55.7
19
7
36.8
♦72-73
-
-
-
-
-
-
73-74
96
59
61.5
14
3
21.4
♦74-75
-
-
-
-
-
-
♦75-76
139
57
41.0
22
8
36.4
♦76-77
120
52
43.3
16
6
37.5
* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not aoaiUible. Information for 1975-
1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education^ Office of the
Conmissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.
Source: U.S. Department of Healthy Education & Welfare^ National Center for Educational
Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.
62
TABLE 6.6 (Cont.)
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977
BACHELORS MASTERS
% OF
% OF
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1970-71
48
40
83.3
11
6
54.5
71-72
53
34
64.2
11
7
63.6
*72-73
73-74
55
46
83.6
7
4
57.1
*74-75
*75-76
51
40
78.4
6
4
66.7
*76-77
52
39
75.0
5
5
100.0
HEALTH PROFESSIONS
1970-71
178
150
84.3
18
16
88.9
71-72
135
107
79.3
21
20
95.2
*72-73
73-74
82
54
65.9
10
7
70.0
*74-75
*75-76
298
233
78.2
6
13
81.3
♦76-77
331
270
13
12
92.3
HOME ECONOMICS
1970-71
92
90
97.8
6
6
100.0
71-72
102
101
99.0
3
3
100.0
*72-73
73-74
113
108
95.6
10
10
100.0
*74-75
*75-76
87
85
97.7
6
5
83.3
*76-77
331
270
81.6
13
12
92.3
DOCTORATE
TOTAL
% OF
TOTAL
WOMEN WOMEN
* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975-
1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education^ Office of the
Coimissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.
Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, National Center for Educational
Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.
63
TABLE 6.6 (Cont.)
MONTANA
LETTERS
1970-71
71-72
*72-73
73-74
*74-75
*75-76
*76-77
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977
BACHELORS MASTERS
TOTAL
WOMEN
% OF
TOTAL
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
% OF
TOTAL
WOMEN
254
226
143
151
55. S
66.8
16
22
2
9
12.5
40.9
195
114
58.5
25
7
28.0
172
151
85
87.5
49.4
57.9
23
24
6
5
26.1
20.8
DOCTORATE
TOTAL
% OF
TOTAL
WOMEN WOMEN
LIBRARY SCIENCE
1970-71
.
.
5
5
100.0
_
71-72
-
-
-
4
2
50.0
-
*72-73
-
-
-
2
1
50.0
-
73-74
-
-
—
-
-
—
-
*74-75
-
-
—
-
-
_
-
*75-76
-
-
-
6
3
50.0
-
*76-77
"
—
—
^
^
—
MATHEMATICS
1970-71
95
29
30.5
30
5
16.7
5
71-72
95
37
38.9
32
6
18.8
3
*72-73
-
-
_
-
-
_
-
73-74
54
17
31.5
30
5
16.7
6
*74-75
-
-
_
-
-
-
*75-76
59.5
19
31.9
8
4
50.0
4
*76-77
47.5
16
33.7
8
2
25.0
4
* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975-
1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the
Commissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.
Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education S Welfare, National Center for Educational
Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.
64
TABLE 6.6 (Cont.)
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977
BACHELORS
MASTERS
DOCTORATE
% OF
% OF
% OF
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
1970-71
75
9
12.0
32
3
9.4
12
.
«,
71-72
71
11
15.5
29
1
3.4
12
1
8.3
*72-73
-
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
-
73-74
77
16
20.8
22
2
9.1
12
1
8.3
♦74-75
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
*75-76
79.5
14
17.6
21
3
14.3
8
0
-
*76-77
116
16
13.8
18
3
16.7
8
0
^
PSYCHOLOGY
1970-71
50
16
32.0
14
3
21.4
5
1
20.0
71-72
72
31
43.1
8
2
25.0
9
-
-
*72-73
-
-
—
-
-
_
-
-
-
73-74
99
40
40.4
14
2
14.3
18
3
16.7
*74-75
-
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
-
*75-76
91
44
48.4
14
8
57.1
10
1
10.0
*76-77
69
34
14
14
2
14.3
9
0
'
PUBLIC AFFAIRS &
SERVICES
1970-71
37
23
62.2
.
.
^
_
-
-
71-72
56
44
78.6
-
-
—
-
-
-
*72-73
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
73-74
99
59
59.6
21
4
19.0
-
-
-
*74-75
-
-
-
-
-
—
-
-
-
*75-76
85
63
74.1
15
1
6.7
-
-
-
*76-77
104
66
63.5
23
10
43.5
-
-
-
* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975-
1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education^ Office of the
Commissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.
Source: U.S. Department of Healthy Education & Welfare^ National Center for Educational
Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975. •
65
TABLE 6.6 (Cont.)
MONTANA
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977
1
JACHELOR
S
MASTERS
DOCTORATE
% OF
% OF
% OF
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
TOTAL
WOMEN WOMEN
SOCIAL SCIENCES
1970-71
510
135
26.5
16
4
25.0
.
mm _
71-72
555
152
27.4
33
5
15.2
2
-
*72-73
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
73-74
511
138
27.0
40
11
27.5
3
- -
*74-75
-
-
~
—
-
-
-
— —
♦75-76
406.5
128
31.5
23
9
39.1
1
-
*76-77
401
143
35.7
17
4
23.5
4
- -
INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES
1970-71
47
8
17.0
63
19
30.2
.
71-72
61
14
23.0
41
13
31.7
-
♦72-73
-
-
-
-
-
—
-
73-74
34
12
35.3
-
-
-
-
*74-75
-
-
-
-
.•
-
♦75-76
13
2
15.4
6
50.0
-
♦76-77
30
12
40.0
8
3
37.5
■"
FIRST PROFESSIONAL
DEGREES
IN
MONTANA
% OF
TOTAL
TOTAL
WOMEN
WOMEN
LAW
1970-71
1^-11
*ii-n
73-74
♦75-76
♦76-77
35
39
51
65
75
7
8
2.9
3.9
10.8
10.7
ourae
Information for the ifeacrs 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975-
1977 was obtained t}n>ough the Montana State Department of Education ^ Office of the
Commissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.
U.S. Department of Healthy Education S Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics
Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.
66
LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN
SECTION 7
The following pages give a brief
description of the laws affecting Montana women,
guidelines to determine if a discriminatory
problem exists, and where to go for help.
67
WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?
Discrimination against women in employment is a very real problem. Sex
discrimination accounts for 40% of the complaints being received by the
Equal Opportunity Commission.!/ Some major discriminatory jpractices affecting
women which have been brought to court by the EEOC include:!./
1. Failure to recruit women or minorities for traditionally
male and/or high paying jobs;
2. Use of discriminatory tests for hiring or promotions;
3. Failure to allow female employees to work after the third month
of pregnancy;
4. Discrimination against women with respect to job assignments, pay,
and hours;
5. Discrimination against women by treating pregnancy differently than
other nonoccupational disabilities;
6. Relegation of women and minorities to low paid, undesirable jobs;
7. The practice of laying off female employees while retaining male
employees with less seniority;
8. Exclusion of female employees from supervisory positions;
9. The practice of limiting overtime work for female employees;
10. Use of stiffer promotion criteria for women than for men;
11. The practice of firing a female employee after she filed sex dis-
crimination charges (Retaliation by an employer is a misdemeanor.
The Human Rights Commission is empowered to treat the retaliation ^
as a separate discrimination complaint and take action to stop it.^)
12. The use of sex-segregated help-wanted ads.
13. Requiring applicants to weigh 130 pounds.
14. Enforcement of male and female job classifications;
15. Limiting women to low-paying clerical jobs.
16. Use of hiring criteria that excludes female applicants.
68
Footnotes
WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?
1/ Executive Enterprises Publishing, EEO Compliance Kit, Working Manual pp. 354b.
2/ Note that the discriminatory practices listed are specific cases - no generali-
ties can be made. For more information, see the EEO Compliance Kit, working
manual .
3/ Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women and the
Law, p. 3.
69
LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN
EMPLOYMENT (Federal Laws)
Executive Order 11246 -
Purpose: To eliminate discrimination because of race, color, religion,
sex or national origin. E.O. 11246 not only forbids discrimination, it
requires that the employer remedy the effects of past discrimination
through affirmative action.
Provisions:
1. All employers with government contracts or subcontracts
exceeding $10,000 are required to follow a 7-point discrimination
clause set up in E.O. 11246.
2. Contractors and subcontractors whose projects are financed
in whole or in part by federal funds are also required to follow
the provisions in E.O. 11246.
3. All government contractors or subcontractors with 50 or more
employees and a contract of $50,000 or more are required to set
up and carry out an individual affirmative action plan for their
company according to E.E.O. requirements. The affirmative
action plan must set up future goals allowing for the employment
and promotion of minority personnel.
Enforcement Agency:
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Washington, D.C. 20506
OR
Department of Administration
Personnel Division
Equal Employment Opportunity Bureau
1218 East Sixth Avenue
Helena, MT 59601
Equal Pay Act of 1963 -^
Purpose: To Eliminate pay differentials on the basis of sex.
Provisions:
1. All employers which are subject to the Fair Labor Standards
Act must comply with this law. (i.e. most employers involved
with interstate and foreign commerce.)
2. The basic idea incorporated in this law is "equal pay for
equal work."
- Information pertaining to the purpose and provisions of E. 0. 11246
was obtained through The E.E.O. Compliance Kit, Working and Reference
Manuals, Executive Enterprises Publishing.
2/
~ Ibid
70
LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)
Enforcement Agency:
Wage and Hour Division Employment Standards Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20201
Civil Rights Act of 1964-Title VII
(as amended in \STi)y
Pujpose: Bans discrimination in employment because of race, color, religion,
sex or national origin.
Provisions:
1. It is unlawful for employers, labor unions, or employment agencies
to discriminate in hiring or firing; wages; fringe benefits; classifying;
referring; assignirig or promoting employees; extending or assigning
facilities; training, re-training or apprenticeships; or any other terms,
conditions or privileges of employment.
2. All employers with 15 or more employees who are "engaged in an industry
affecting commerce" are covered.
3. Religious institutions are exempt with regard to discrimination based
on religion.
Enforcement Agency:
U.S. EEOC
Washington, DC 20506
OR
EEO Bureau >
1218 East Sixth Avenue
Helena, MT 59601
4/
Age Discrimination in Employment Act -
Purpose: To prohibit discrimination based on age against anyone 40 years old
but less than 65.
Provisions:
1. Applies to employers of 20 or more employees, employment agencies and
labor unions with more than 25 meinbers. (Law does not apply to bona fide
occupational qualifications. )
2. Any action taken against the complainant by his employer is unlawful.
Enforcement Agency:
Wage & Hour Division
Employment Standards Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20201
3/
Ibid
4/
- Information taken from U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration,
A Working Womans Guide to Her Job Rights.
71
LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)
EMPLOYMENT (State Laws)
Monta. a Human Rights Act (1974) -^
Purpose: To eliminate discriminatory practices within Montana.
Provisions:
1. It is illegal in the state of Montana to discriminate against
anyone because of their race, religion, color, national origin, age,
sex, mental or physical handicaps in the following areas: employment,
training, housing, public accommodations, financing, (including credit)
education or government services.
2. Discrimination because of marital status is barred in all of the
above areas except in public accommodations and housing.
3. The state and its political subdivisions are prohibited from
discriminating against employees or potential employees because of
their political beliefs, with the exception of the personal staff of
the legislative leadership and elected officials.
4. Retaliation against one who files a complaint, assists in processing
it, or opposes unlawful discrimination is a misdemeanor. The Human Rights
Commission is empowered to treat the retaliation as a separate complaint
and take action to stop it.
5. Provisions apply to all Montana Employers.
Enforcement Agency:
Human Rights Commission
Room 620 Power Block
Helena, MT 59601
Maternity Leave Law (H.B. 9, passed in 1975) -J
Purpose: To protect a female employee's rights during pregnancy.
Provisions, Prohibits public or private employers from:
1. Firing a woman because of her pregnancy;
2. Refusing to grant a pregnant woman a reasonable leave of absence
for her pregnancy;
3. Denying a woman compensation accrued by and due her under the
employer's disability or leave plan, if she is disabled by her pregnancy.
4. Retaliating against an employee because she files a complaint under
this law.
5. Requiring that an employee take a mandatory maternity leave for an
unreasonable length of time.
...Note that all acts of discrimination against pregnant women may not
clearly fit within these terms. However, discrimination because of
pregnancy may constitute sex discrimination and be covered under the
federal E.O. 11246 Act or Montana's Human Rights Act.
5/
-See Montana Dept. of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women and the Law,
1976, pp. 1-3
6/
- Ibid pp. 5-7
72
LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)
Enforcement Agency:
Commissioner of Labor and Industry
1311 Helena Avenue
Helena, MT 59601
Montana Code of Fair Practices (H.B.8) -I
Purpose: The Montana Code of Fair Practices is similar to E. 0.11246,
with its provisions applying to state and local government funds only.
Provisions:
1. Includes a lO-point clause regulating discrimination in state
and local employment, services, education and scholarships.
Enforcement Agency:
Human Rights Commission
620 Power Block
Helena, MT 59601
CREDIT
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1975) (Federal Law)
Purpose: To eliminate discrimination against any credit applicant on
the basis of sex or marital status.
Provisions:
1. Provides a non-discriminatory framework for creditors to follow
in determining an applicant's credit worthiness.
...Montana Human Rights Act also prohibits discrimination against
any credit applicant.
Enforcement Agency:
Human Rights Commission
620 Power Block
Helena, MT 59601
EDUCATION
Education Amendment of 1972 Title IX
Purpose: Forbids discrimination on the basis of sex to students and
employees in all federally assisted education programs in all institutions,
public and private, that receive federal monies through grants, loans,
or contracts.
The Montana Code of Fair Practices prohibits discrimination in any
government funded education or job training programs.
Enforcement Agency:
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Washington, D.C, 20201
OR Human Rights Commission
620 Power Block
Helena, MT 59601
ll Ibid
LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)
MARRIAGE
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act -
Provisions:
1. No married person's separate property, income, or other fruits
of his or her labor can be drawn upon to pay the debts of the spouse
unless the debt was Incurred to provide necessary articles for
either spouse or their children, or unless creditors had reason
to believe the separate property belonged to the spouse incurring
the debt, it being in his or her sole possession.
2. Both husband and wife have a duty to support each other- either
spouse may be called upon to pay child support.
3. Alimony technically no longer exists. (Note that previous law
required that the wife commit no offense contributing to the marital
breakdown in order to obtain alimony.)
4. As of January 1, 1976, there no longer are various grounds for
divorce. Currently, the only reason for dissolution of a marriage in
Montana is "irretrievable breakdown." This phrase eliminates fault
of either marital partner.
DEATH
9/
Uniform Probate Code (Effective July 1, 1975) -
Purpose: To update laws and eliminate problem phrases regarding wills,
inheritance and probate proceedings.
Provisions:
1. The UPC eliminated dower entirely and replaced it with a similar,
yet more effective protection for both marriage partners.
2. The surviving spouse has the right to 1/3 of the "Augmented
estate" if s/he so elects. Notice of intent to take this share
must be made "within 6 months of the date notice went out to creditors
with claims on the estate, or within one year of the date of death,
whichever occurs first. (91A-2-205)."
3. "Section 91A-2-301 of the UPC protects the spouse (male or female)
unprovided for in a will made before the marriage. The omitted spouse
will receive the same share of the estate he or she would have received
had there been no will at all, unless the will shows that the omission
was Intentional or the surviving spouse had been provided for by
property tv-ansfers outside the will and the Intent of the deceased
that the property take the place of a transfer by will is evident."
8/
- Information regarding the Uniform Divorce Act and various phrases were taken
from the Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women
and the Law. 1976, pp. 29-37
9/
Information and phraseology taken from Montana Department of Labor, Labor
Standards Division, Montana Women and the Law, pp. 47-50
74
INFORMATION CENTERS FOR WOMEN IN MONTANA
Montana V/omen's Bureau 1/
35 S. Last Cnance Gulch
202 Capitol Station
Helena, MT 59601
The Montana Women's Bureau was established in July 1974 by the Montana
Department of Labor & Industry. The purpose of the Women's Bureau
is to help women in reaching their fullest possible potential through
counseling and technical assistance. This agency is the most com-
prehensive information center available to Montana women.
Their functions include:
1. Providing information and materials pertinent to women in Montana,
including job-seeking information, laws affecting Montana women, pro-
grams available to assist women in need, and help centers for specific
needs and problems. (Copies of Montana Women and the Law and other
reference materials may be obtained through this agency. )
2. Conducting career planning and job awareness workshops for women.
3. Counseling women in search of employment or wishing to file sex
discrimination complaints.
4. Serving as the central permanent state agency for the planning,
coordination and evaluation of employment programs and services for women.
1/ Information and certain phrases were taken from "Human Rights and
?tate Government," Montana Office of the Governor, and also "Montana
Women's Bureau,'' Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Labor
Standards Division.
Human Rights Bureau
Room 620 Power Block
Helena, MT 59601
The bureau is responsible for the enforcement of the Montana Human
Rights Act. They investigate complaints to determine if unlawful
discrimination (including sex discrimination) exists. If it does,
they attempt to reach an informal settlement.
Note that the Montana Human Rights Act applies to all Montana Employers,
regardless of size.
75
INFORMATION CENTERS FOR WOMEN IN MONTANA (Cont.)
Local Job Service Offices
There are 23 local offices in the state of Montana. They are set up
to assist the unemployed in finding work.
Several programs are available to provide training and financial
assistance to people in need. Three of these programs include:
1. CETA (Comprehensive Employment and Training Act), which provides
for classroom and on the job training for the economically disadvantaged,
the unemployed, and the underemployed.
2. Job corps, which provides education and job training, and counseling
services for the disadvantaged youths age 16 to 21,
3. WIN (Work Incentive Program) which is set up to provide a means
of obtaining job training and employment for women who are receiving
AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children.)
For more information contact the job service office in your area.
7fi
OUTLOOK
SECTION 8
77
OUTLOOK
If national and state trends continue as they have since the 1950's,
women can look forward to an even qreater labor force participation
rate and worklife expectancy. A declining birth rate, a rising cost
of livim, chanqinq social ^^ttitudes and increasing convenience in the
hone combine to increase the probability of female labor force parti-
cipation. Along v/ith this comes the realization that women must prepare
for a suitable career. Informative counselinq is needed in schools,
enploynent offices and women's groups to insure that women will be
exposed to the large variety of careers available to them. The possi-
bility of training women for male-dominated careers such as carpentry,
plumbing, mechanics, masonry, welding, etc. should be pointed out in
order to provide a wider range of career choices for women who work.
Female awareness is the main stepping stone to preparing for the future.
Organized efforts in such areas as, 1) information distribution and
research, 2) child care, 3) career counseling, 4) education and training,
5) mental and physical health, 'v'ill increase that awareness and prove
beneficial to both homenakers and career women. The key to a bright
future for women is themselves. Their involvement and efforts will
help make up the world of tomorrow.
78
REFERENCES
"Analysis of Women in Policy Positions in State novernment," Montana Office
of the Governor, Interdepartmental Coordinating Committee for Women, September
1977.
"Human Rights and State Government," Montana Office of the Governor, October
1975.
"J E C Hearing Studies flassive Entry of Women Into Labor Market," Notes from
the Joint Economic Committee, Volumee III No. 23, Washington D.C.: vioint hcD-
nomic Committee Publications Department, October 7, 1977.
Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Women's Bureau. Montana
Women and the Law, April, 1976.
Montana State Unviersity, Department of Mathematics. Women's Attitude Survey,
November 1977.
'Montana Women's Bureau," Montana Department of Labor & Industry, Labor
Standards Division
Scientific Manpower Commission. Professional Women and Minorities, October 1976.
"Suddenly, A New Shortage of Secretaries," Business Week August 8, 1977, pp. 84-
85.
"Twenty Facts About Women Workers," Helena, MT: Montana Department of Labor,
Women's Bureau, June 1974.
U. S. Department of Health, Eduation & Welfare, Education Division, National
Center for Educational Statistics. Earned Degrees Conferred, 1969-72, 1972-75
(five volumes), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- - - - -Earned Degrees Conferred: Analysis of Trends. 1965-66 through 1974-
75. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office, 1977.
U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. Women and Work,
R. & D Monograph 46, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Women's Bureau.
Careers For Women in the 70' s, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1973..
- - - - The Earnings Gap Between Women and Men, Washington D.C.: U. S. Government
Printing Office, 1976.
- - - - Mature Women Workers: A Profile, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1976.
- - - - Minority Women Workers: A Statistical Overview, Washington D.C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977 (Revised).
- - - - Working Mothers and Their Children, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1977.
79
REFERENCES
(cont.)
- - - - A Working Woman's Guide To Her Job Rights, Leaflet 55, Washington D. C;
U. S. Government Printing office, revised 197b.
U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration. Womenpower, Vol. 7
No. 11, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
- - - - Women in Apprenticeship - Why Not?, Manpower Research Monograph No. 33
Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974,
Zion, R.B. The Legal Status of Homemakers in Montana, National Commission on
the Observance of International Women's Year, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, November 1976.
80
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